|
情态动词是高考考查的重要的语法项目之一,每年的高考单选题中都有一、二个专门考查情态动词的题。要注意情态动词后接不带to 的动词不定式,不单纯是原形动词,它们有主动语态和被动语态,有一般式,进行式、和完成式。另外,情态动词有较多的词义。因此要花力气掌握它们。
【热点关注】
从历年来的高考试题来看,高考试题对于情态动词测试主要从下面几个方面进行:
1.“情态动词+不定式的完成时”。这是历年来高考测试的一个热点项目。
2.情态动词表推测、许可的用法。
3.情态动词的否定式的含义和用法。
【要点点拨】
一.“情态动词+have+过去分词”常见句型及用法
1. “should have +过去分词”表示过去该做而没有做的事情。它含有责备的语气。其中,should 可换用ought to (即ought to have +过去分词),意思不变。如:You should /ought to have been here five minutes ago .
2. “could have +过去分词”表示对过去本来能够做但是没有做的事的惋惜。如:
He could have passed the entrance examination last year.她去年本来可以考上大学的。
3.“must have +过去分词”表示过去一定做过某事,是一种很有把握的推测。意为“一定”。注意,这个句型不可直接在must 的后面加not 构成否定式。如:
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨天晚上一定下过雨,因为地上是湿的。
4.“can’t /couldn’t have +过去分词”也用来表示对过去情况的推测,意为“不可能做过某事”第3个句型的否定式要用本句型表示其否定意义。如:
It can’t have rained last night.昨天晚上不可能下了雨。
5.“may /might have +过去分词”表示一种对过去情况的一种不太有把握的推测,意为“或许/可能做过某事”。may的可能性又比might 大些.如:
He hasn’t turned up yet; he may/might have been ill.他还没有来,他可能病了。
6.“needn’t have +过去分词”表示过去没有必要做某事但实际上做了的事情,意为“(过去)没有必要…”如:
I needn’t have told him that .我没有必要将那件事告诉他的。
二.常见情态动词的用法:
1.can和could 的用法
1) 表示能力。如:
Can you finish the work in such a short time ?
can 和be able to都可表示“能够”。但can 主要指的是一种永久的能力。而be able to 则是指过去做成了的事或者将来经过努力后可以做到的事情。如:
He was able to jump off the bus when it was running off the way.
Man will be able to live in the sea in the future.
这两处的be able to 都不可换用 can.
2) 表示可能性。如:
Mary can not be in the classroom.
3)表示请求和许可。如:
-- Can I use your bike?
-- Yes, you can .
注意,could 用来表示请求时,是一种委婉的说法,回答时不可用过去式could 进行回答,而要用原形can 进行回答。如:
-- Could you tell me the way to the post office, please?
-- Yes, you can.
4) 用于疑问句或否定句时,表示惊异、怀疑或不相信的态度,常用于否定句和疑问句中。如:
Can hard work change a person that much?/How can you be so careless ?
2. may和might的用法:
1)表示请求或许可。Might在语气上比may 更委婉。肯定回答时,可用may /can /might .否定回答时,用can’t 或mustn’t.如:
-- May I leave now?
-- Yes, you can /may (No, you mustn’t).
2) 常用于祈使句表示祝愿。如:
May you succeed in the coming new year! 祝你在新的一年里取得成功!
3) 表示不太把握的推测,意为“可能,或许”。如:
He may be in the classroom .他可能在教室里。
3.Must 的用法
1)表示必要、必须。如:
You must work hard .你必须努力学习。
注意与have to 的比较:must 常表示主观看法,说明说话人认为有必要。而have to 则强调客观的必要性。说话人认为外界使得必须这样做。比较:
It’s late. I have to go now. 时间很晚了, 我必须走了。(暗含本人并不一定愿意走)。
It’s late. I must go now. 时间很晚了, 我必须走了。(本人认为应该走了)
2)must 引导的疑问句不可用mustn’t 来进行回答。要用don’t you have to 或者needn’t . 如:
--- Must we hard in our exercise-books.
--- No. you needn’t /don’t have to .
3) must 后接系动词be 时可表示对目前情况的推测。如:
He must be waiting for us now. 他一定在等我们了。
They must be in classroom. 他们一定在教室里。
4)mustn’t 不表示推测而表示禁止。如:
You mustn’t smoke here. 你不能在此吸烟。
4. need/dare 的用法:
1)它们都可作情态动词和实意动词用。用作实意动词时,有人称、数和时态的变化。在肯定句中,其后通常接带to 的动词不定式;而在否定句和疑问句中时,dare后的动词不定式可带to, 也可不带to. 如:He doesn't dare (to ) speak to his father .
2) 它们用作情态动词时,其后通常只接动词原形。注意:用作情态动词时,dare 通常只用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中,一般不用在肯定句中, 如:
How dare you speak like that? /They dare not go there any more.
5. shall 的用法:
1)shall 用于第一、三人称的疑问句中,表示征求对方的意见。常译为“要某人做某事吗”。如:Shall I ring you again? 要我再给你打个电话吗?
Shall he come in? 要他进来吗?
2)shall 用于二、三人称,表示说话人的命令、警告、许诺或威胁。如:
You shall stand there. (命令)
If you finish the work in time, you shall be taken to the park.(许诺)
If you are late again, you shall be punished.(警告或威胁)
6. should 表示劝告、命令、建议。其同义词是ought to 。 在疑问句中通常用should 代替ought to.如:
You should /ought to do in right now./Should I open the window for you?
7.will 的用法:
1)will 用于第二人称的疑问句中,表示征求对方的意见。如:
Will you be seated /Let us have a rest, will you ?
2) will 常用来表示本人的意志、意愿和决心。如:
I will never come here .我再也不来这儿了。
If you will wait for a moment, I will go with you.如果你愿等一会儿,我就同你去。
3)will 常表示现在的倾向性,译为“总是”。如:
Fishes will die without water or air. 没有水和空气鱼总是要死的。
will的过去式 would 常用来表示过去经常性发生的动作。如:
He would come to help us when he was free.他有空时常来帮我们的忙。
8. used to也常用来表示过去经常性发生的动作,但它主要强调今昔的对比,暗含现在不那样了。如:
He used to swim in this river when he was a boy .他小时候常在这条河里游泳。
注意,used to 的疑问式和否定式有两种形式:
He didn’t use to do that.→ Did he use to do that ?
He usedn’t to do that. → Used he to do that ?
练习:
1. There’s no light on –they ___ be at home.(2006卷三)
A.can’t B.mustn’t C.needn’t D.shouldn’t
解析:A 考查情态动词。 can表示推测时多用于否定句或疑问句。
2.-What’s the name?
-Khulaifi.____I spellthat for you ? (2006北京)
A.Shall B.Would C.Can D.Might
解析:A。shall通常可用于第一、三人称,表示征求意见和提建议。
3.We______have proved great adventures, but we have done the greatest march
Ever made in the past ten years. (2006天津)
A. needn’t B.may not C.shouldn’t D.mustn’t
解析:B needn’t have done 表示本来不必做某事却做过了,shouldn’t have done 表示本不应该做某事却做过了
4.The weather turned out to be fine yesterday, I ____the trouble to carry my umbrella with me.(2006江西)
A.should have taken B.could have taken
C.needn’t have taken D.mustn’t have taken
解析:C 考查情态动词接完成结构的用法。Needn’t have done 本没必要做而做了某事
高考预测:
1.___you missed a good chance.
____Yes, I ____that job when it was offered
A. should take B.should have taken
C.must take D.must have taken
2.-Must Itake some medicine, doctor?
-No, you __, Just a good rest .
A.can’t B.mustn’t C.needn’t D.shouldn’t
3.-We’ll be ready to leave at six.
-Well. Carl certainly ___to be back by then.
A.can B.must C.ought D.should
4.The doctors and nurses did everything they ___save the child from danger.
A.ought B.ought to C.could D.could to
5._Who is knocking at the door?
-It ___be the postman .he always comes in time.
A.can B.may C.must D.should
6.-I __your office yesterday .Someone answered but I couldn’t recognize the voice.
-Oh, it _____my secretary.
A.called to must be. B.called to; must have been
C.phoned to; must be .D.phoned to; must have been
7.Our teacher had one strict rule. She said that all the students __to class on time .
A.came B.might come
C.must come D.must have come
8.-What do you think of the food here?
-Oh. wonderful! We __a better place .
A.cannot find B.will not find
C.mustn’t have found D.couldn’t have fould
9.-________I trouble you with a question?
-Yes, please.
A.May B.Must C.Should D.Should
10.You ___return the magazines before you __leave the reading room.
A.can ;can B.must ;must C.can;must D.must;can
答案:1-5 BCCDC 6-10 DCDAD
|